The Nonarchimedean Scottish Book

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The original Scottish Book was a compilation of problems, primarily concerning functional analysis, assembled at the Scottish Cafe in Lvov during the 1930s and 1940s. This web site is an analogous compilation of problems concerning nonarchimedean functional analysis and related topics, including analytic geometry (especially adic spaces) and perfectoid rings, fields, and spaces.

An ideal entry in this list includes the name of the proposer, the date of the initial post, a detailed statement of the problem, and attributed comments (including references as appropriate; these can be listed at the bottom of the page).

For security reasons, editing this wiki requires logging into the server. I have created a communal login credential for editing this page; please contact me for the details. Alternatively, I am wiling to accept entries by email and post them manually. (If someone with more free time than me wants to reimplementing this using better technology, I would support this. One option is SageMathCloud; see this link for a preview.)

Note: some comments from Ofer Gabber are not yet reflected here; they will be added shortly.

Contents

Problem 1

Proposed by Kiran S. Kedlaya, 17 December 2015.

Statement: Let K be a nonarchimedean commutative Banach ring whose underlying ring is a field. Suppose in addition that K is uniform, i.e., its norm is equivalent to a power-multiplicative norm. Is K necessarily a nonarchimedean field, that is, is the topology on K defined by some multiplicative norm?

Proposer's comment (updated 28 Apr 16): This question acquires a negative answer if the uniform condition is omitted. See arXiv:1602.09004v1.

Comment (Kedlaya, 26 Dec 15, updated 28 Apr 16): Without loss of generality, one may assume K is a Banach algebra over a (nontrivially normed) nonarchimedean field F. The question acquires a positive answer if one adds the assumption that F is not discretely valued; from this, the positive answer follows for perfectoid rings. That is, any perfectoid ring which is a field is a perfectoid field. See arXiv:1602.09004v1.

Problem 2

Proposed by Kiran S. Kedlaya, 17 December 2015.

Statement: Let (A,A^+) be a Huber pair which is Tate (i.e., A contains a topologically nilpotent unit). Suppose that Spa(A,A^+) is a perfectoid space (for some prime p). Is A necessarily a perfectoid algebra?

Comment (Kedlaya, 18 Dec 2015): This is [Sch2, Conjecture 2.16], but a counterexample is known [BV, Proposition 13]. However, if one further assumes that A is uniform (or even stably uniform), the problem is open in general; see [KL2, Remark 3.6.27]. If A is of characteristic p and sheafy, then the statement holds; see [BV, Corollary 10], [KL1, Proposition 3.1.16].

Comment (Kedlaya, 18 Feb 2016): If (A,A^+) is sheafy, Spa(A,A^+) is a perfectoid space, and the tilt of Spa(A,A^+) is an affinoid perfectoid space, then A is a perfectoid algebra. For A over a perfectoid field, this follows from [Sch1, Proposition 6.17]; the general case is handled by [KL2, Proposition 3.4.10].

Problem 3

Proposed by David Hansen, 17 December 2015.

Statement: Let A be a perfectoid Tate ring with an action of a finite group G. Is the fixed subring A^G perfectoid?

Proposer's comment: This is true if A is of characteristic p, by an easy argument. This is also true if A is a Q_p-algebra, by a more subtle argument of Kedlaya.

Comment (Kedlaya, 21 Feb 16): The case where A is over a perfectoid field is [Shen, Proposition 2.5]. The general case is [KL2, Theorem 3.3.24].

Problem 4

Proposed by David Hansen, 18 December 2015.

Statement: Let A be a sheafy Tate ring, and suppose some Zariski-open and dense subset of some Spa(A,A^+) is a perfectoid space. Is A perfectoid?

Proposer's comment: This is a stronger version of Problem 2.

Comment (Kedlaya, 27 Apr 16): I believe a counterexample against this question can be made by taking A = K{T^{1/p^infty}}[T^{1/2}] (for p>2).

Problem 5

Proposed by David Hansen, 18 December 2015.

Statement: Let A be a stably uniform Tate ring over Q_p, and let R^+ \subset R be a perfectoid Tate ring in characteristic p. Consider the Tate ring (W(R^+) \widehat{\otimes} A^\circ)[1/p], where the completion is taken for the p-adic topology. Is this ring stably uniform?

Proposer's comment: The answer is yes when A is finite etale over some Q_p<X_1,...,X_n>.

Problem 6

Proposed by David Hansen, 18 December 2015.

Statement: Call a Tate ring A "sousperfectoid" if there exists a perfectoid Tate ring B and a continuous A-algebra map A-->B which admits a continuous A-Banach module splitting. This class includes perfectoid Tate rings, and any sousperfectoid ring is stably uniform and hence sheafy. If R is sousperfectoid, then any rational localization of R is sousperfectoid, and so are R<X>, R<X^1/p^infty> and R' for any finite etale R'/R.

Is there an example of a stably uniform Tate ring which is not sousperfectoid?

Comment (Kedlaya, 18 Dec 15): For A to be sousperfectoid, a necessary condition is that A be seminormal in the sense of Greco-Traverso and Swan: for any y, z in A for which y^3 = z^2, there is a unique x in A with x^2 = y, x^3 = z. (This will be shown in [KL2].)

Comment (Kedlaya, 18 Dec 15): Let X = Spa(A,A^+) be a classical affinoid algebra over a p-adic field. Let f: Y -> X be a resolution of singularities. If A is seminormal and R^1 f_* O_Y = 0, then I believe I can prove that A is sousperfectoid. For example, this holds if X has rational singularities because then all of the R^i f_* O_Y vanish.

Problem 7

Proposed by Kiran S. Kedlaya, 18 December 2015.

Statement: Let (A,A^+) be a sheafy uniform (Tate) Huber pair. Is (A,A^+) necessarily stably uniform?

Proposer's comment: This question is taken from [KL1, Remark 2.8.11].

Problem 8

Proposed by Kiran S. Kedlaya, 18 December 2015.

Statement: Let (A,A^+) be a Huber pair. Is the property of (A,A^+) being sheafy, or stably uniform, independent of the choice of A^+?

Comment (Hansen, 20 December 2015): Stable uniformity is independent of the choice of A^+. Let A^+ \subseteq A'^+ be two choices of rings of integral elements, so we have an associated inclusion X'=Spa(A,A'^+) \subseteq X=Spa(A,A^+) of affinoid pre-adic spaces. Then the map {rational subsets of X} --> {rational subsets of X'} given by U --> U' = U \cap X' is surjective, and O_X(U)=O_X'(U') for any U.

Problem 9

Proposed by Kiran S. Kedlaya, 18 December 2015.

Statement: Let (A,A^+) be a stably uniform Huber pair. Is it true that for any finite etale morphism (A,A^+) -> (B,B^+), the pair (B,B^+) is again stably uniform?

Proposer's comment: This is true if A is sousperfectoid (see problem 6), as then B is as well.

Problem 10

Proposed by Kiran S. Kedlaya, 18 December 2015.

Statement: Let (A,A^+) be a Huber pair such that Spa(A,A^+) is analytic (i.e., none of its points carries the trivial valuation). Does it follow that A is Tate?

Proposer's comment: It can be shown that Spa(A,A^+) is analytic if and only if the topologically nilpotent elements of A generate the unit ideal; see [KL1, Remark 2.3.9]. The problem is to then deduce (or refute) that there exists a single topologically nilpotent element generating the unit ideal.

Problem 11

Proposed by Brian Conrad, 18 December 2015.

Statement: Let k'/k be an extension of fields complete with respect to nontrivial nonarchimedean absolute values. Let i: U -> X be an open immersion of separated rigid analytic spaces over k. Is the base extension i': U' -> X' of i from k to k' also an open immersion?

Proposer's comment: This is Problem 20 from this list. The analogous question for Berkovich or Huber spaces trivially admits an affirmative answer; in the rigid context, one only sees directly that i is an injective local isomorphism, and that if it quasicompact and/or a Zariski open embedding, then i' is again an open immersion.

Problem 12

Proposed by David Hansen, 20 December 2015.

Statement: Let A be a Tate ring with an action of a finite group G. Is the natural map Cont(A)/G-->Cont(A^G) always a homeomorphism? (Here we give Cont(A)/G the quotient topology.) Likewise for pairs (A,A^+) and the map Spa(A,A^+)/G-->Spa(A^G,A^{+G}).

Proposer's comment: This map is always surjective (use the integrality of A over A^G). It seems likely one can answer this affirmatively when Cont(A) has finite Krull dimension, by adapting the argument in Section 6.4 of [CHJ].

Comment (David Hansen, 9 February 2016): These maps are homeomorphisms in all generality. Details forthcoming. (Also, please note that the argument in [CHJ] is incomplete as written: the claims in the last sentence of the proof of Proposition 6.25 are unjustified and perhaps false.)

Problem 13

Proposed by David Hansen, 20 December 2015.

Statement: Let A be a perfectoid Tate ring over Q_p. Does A contain a perfectoid field?

Problem 14

Proposed by Kiran S. Kedlaya, 26 December 2015.

Statement: Let K be an infinite algebraic extension of Q_p. If K is arithmetically profinite, then the completion of K is a perfectoid field. Does the converse hold?

Proposer's comment: This question arises from discussions with Brian Lawrence.

Problem 15

Proposed by Kiran S. Kedlaya, 29 December 2015.

Statement: Let R be a perfect valuation ring of characteristic p which is not a field. Is the ring W(R) coherent?

Proposer's comment: Almost surely the answer is negative in all cases. This is known whenever the value group of R is not equal to the real numbers; the proof is similar to the proof that R[ [t] ] is not coherent (by theorems of Jondrup-Small, Vasconcelos, Anderson-Watkins; see [AW]).

Problem 16

Proposed by David Hansen, 5 January 2016.

Statement: Let X be a diamond, with an action of a finite group G. Under what conditions is the quotient sheaf X/G a diamond? Under what conditions does a categorical quotient of X by G exist?

Proposer's comment: In the analogous setting of *separated* algebraic spaces, a categorical quotient of a space X by a finite group G always exists, with no conditions on the group action (Deligne).

Comment (David Hansen, 15 January 2016): Forgot to mention - the sheaf quotient X/G is a diamond if G acts freely on geometric points of X; this is proved in Proposition 4.3.2 of [W].

Problem 17

Proposed by Kiran S. Kedlaya, 11 January 2016 (based on a suggestion of Peter Wear).

Statement: Let (A,A^+) -> (B,B^+) be a rational localization of adic Banach rings. Is it always the case that the contraction of any maximal ideal of B is a maximal ideal of A? If not, what about the case where A is strongly noetherian? or perfectoid?

Comment (Ofer Gabber, 13 Sep 2016): for a counterexample where A is strongly noetherian, take A = Z_p[ [t] ][1/p], A^+ = Z_p[ [t] ] and consider the localization |t| >= 1. To modify this into a counterexample where A is perfectoid, adjoin p-power roots of p and t and take p-adic completions.

Problem 18

Proposed by Kiran S. Kedlaya, 22 January 2016 (based on a suggestion of Ruochuan Liu).

Statement: Let (A,A^+) be an adic affinoid algebra over Q_p. Let (B,B^+) be the total space of a Z_p-local system L over Spa(A,A^+). Under what conditions is B perfectoid?

Proposer's comment: In the case where A is a p-adic field (i.e., a complete discretely valued field with perfect residue field), Sen's theorem on ramification in p-adic Lie extensions implies that B is perfectoid if and only if L does not trivialize over the maximal unramified extension of A. However, in the general case a more complicated criterion is needed; for instance, one must rule out the possibility of a local system obtained by pullback from a lower-dimensional base.

Problem 19

Proposed by Kiran S. Kedlaya, 3 February 2016.

Statement: Let (A,A^+) be a Huber pair which is sheafy but not necessarily Tate. Does it follow that the structure sheaf is acyclic? Does one have glueing for finite projective modules?

Proposer's comment: for both statements, The Tate case is resolved affirmatively in [KL1]. A related result is shown in [Ked1, Theorem 7.14, Theorem 7.15]: if one assumes sheafiness for the reified adic spectrum, then acyclicity and glueing hold without requiring a topologically nilpotent unit.

Problem 20

Proposed by KSK, 27 April 2016.

Statement: Let A be a perfectoid ring. Let B be the seminormalization (in the sense of Swan) of a finite A-algebra. Is the completion (or failing that, the uniform completion) of B a perfectoid algebra?

Proposer's comment: This question arises from discussions with Xu Shen.

Problem 21

Proposed by KSK, 28 April 2016.

Statement: Let (A,A^+) be a Huber pair such that every point of X = Spa(A,A^+) has perfectoid residue field. Under what conditions can one conclude that X is a perfectoid space, or that A is a perfectoid ring (compare problem 2)?

Proposer's comment: An important special case is that of a completed direct limit of a finite etale tower of affinoid algebras over a perfectoid field.

Problem 22

Proposed by KSK, 28 April 2016.

Statement: Let f: A -> B be a morphism of perfectoid rings corresponding to the morphism g: R -> S of perfect rings. Is it the case that f is finite if and only if g is finite?

Proposer's comment: The corresponding statement holds if "finite" is replaced by "finite etale" (by almost purity) or "surjective" (see [KL1, KL2]).

Problem 23

Proposed by KSK, 28 April 2016.

Statement: Let K be a completed algebraic closure of F_p((t)). Let f: K -> K be a continuous endomorphism of K such that f(t) is not integral over the completion of the maximal tamely ramified extension of F_p((t)) in K. Does it follows that f is not surjective?

Proposer's comment: Some examples where f is not surjective are given in arXiv:1506.00742v6. The corresponding question for the completed perfect closure of F_p((t)) has an affirmative answer; see arXiv:1602.09051v1.

Problem 24

Proposed by KSK, 16 Sept 2016.

Statement: Let (A, A^+) -> (B, B^+) be a rational localization of Huber-Tate pairs. Is the morphism A -> B of rings necessarily flat?

Proposer's comment: Huber showed this when A is strongly noetherian. If A is stably uniform, one can show that A -> B satisfies a weaker condition called "pseudoflat"; see [KL2].

References

[AW] M. Anderson and J. Watkins, Coherence of power series rings over pseudo-Bezout domains, J. Algebra 107 (1987), 187-194.

[BV] K. Buzzard and A. Verberkmoes, Stably uniform affinoids are sheafy, arXiv:1404.7020v2 (2015).

[CHJ] P. Chojecki, D. Hansen and C. Johansson, Overconvergent modular forms and perfectoid Shimura curves

[Ked1] K.S. Kedlaya, Reified valuations and adic spaces, Research in Number Theory (2015).

[KL1] K.S. Kedlaya and R. Liu, Relative p-adic Hodge theory: Foundations, Asterisque 371 (2015).

[KL2] K.S. Kedlaya and R. Liu, Relative p-adic Hodge theory, II: Imperfect period rings, in preparation.

[Sch1] P. Scholze, Perfectoid spaces, Publ. Math. IHES.

[Sch2] P. Scholze, Perfectoid spaces: a survey, in Current Developments in Mathematics, 2012, International Press, Boston, 2013.

[W] J. Weinstein, Gal(\overline{Q}_p/Q_p) as a geometric fundamental group

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